Load Balancing in a Network using Ant Colony Optimization Technique

This thesis describes a method of achieving load balancing in telecommunications networks. A simulated network models a typical distribution of calls between nodes; nodes carrying an excess of traffic can become congested, causing calls to be lost. In addition to calls, the network also supports a population of simple mobile agents with behaviours modelled on the trail laying abilities of ants. The ants move across the network between randomly chosen pairs of nodes; as they move they deposit simulated pheromones as a function of their distance from their source node, and the congestion encountered on their journey. They select their path at each intermediate node according the distribution of simulated pheromones at each node. Calls between nodes are routed as a function of the pheromone distributions at each intermediate node. The performance of the network is measured by the average no of hops taken to complete the calls. In this thesis ,the results of using the antbased control (ABC) are compared with those achieved by using fixed shortestpath routes,(dijkstra’s algorithm) used in network management. The ABC system is shown to result in fewer call failures than the other methods, while exhibiting many attractive features of distributed control

Modelling Stock Market Return Volatility: Evidence from India

This paper empirically investigates the volatility pattern of Indian stock market based on time series data which comprises of daily closing prices of the S&P CNX Nifty Index for a fifteen year period from 1st April 2001 to 31st March 2016. For this study the analysis has been done using both symmetric and asymmetric models of Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH). For capturing the symmetric and asymmetric volatility GARCH-M (1, 1) and EGARCH (1, 1) estimations are found to be the most appropriate model as per the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Schwarz Information Criterion (SIC) and Log Likelihood ratios. The study also provides evidence for the existence of a positive and insignificant risk premium as per GARCH-M (1, 1) model. The asymmetric leverage effect captured by the parameter of EGARCH (1, 1) and TGARCH (1, 1) models show that negative shocks have a significant effect on conditional variance (volatility). Keywords: ARCH Effects, GARCH Models, Leverage Effect, Stock Returns, Volatility

Skull fracture and haemorrhage pattern among fatal and nonfatal head injury assault victims – a critical analysis

BACKGROUND: The global incidence of fatal head injuries as the result of assault is greater than the number of non-fatal cases. The important factors that determine the outcome in terms of survival of such head injury cases include the type of weapon used, type and site of skull fracture, intra cranial hemorrhage and the brain injury. The present study aims to highlight the role of skull fractures as an indirect indicator of force of impact and the intra cranial hemorrhage by a comparative study of assault victims with fatal and nonfatal head injuries. METHODS: 91 head injury cases resulting from assault were studied in the Department of Forensic Medicine, IMS, BHU Varanasi over a period of 2 years from which 18 patients survived and 73 cases had a lethal outcome. Details of the fatal cases were obtained from the police inquest and an autopsy while examination of the surviving patients was done after obtaining an informed consent. The data so obtained were analyzed and presented in the study. RESULTS: Assault with firearms often led to fatality whereas with assault involving blunt weapons the survival rate was higher. Multiple cranial bones were involved in 69.3% cases while comminuted fracture of the skull was common among the fatal cases. Fracture of the base of the skull was noted only in the fatal cases and a combination of subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhage was found in the majority of the fatal cases. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows skull fractures to be an important indicator of severity of trauma in attacks to the head. Multiple bone fracture, comminuted fracture and base fractures may be considered as high risk factors in attempted homicide cases

A Critical Evaluation of Volatility in Indian Currency Market

The paper is aimed at examining the impact of introduction of currency derivatives on exchange rate volatility of Euro. The data used in this paper comprises of daily exchange rate of Euro in terms of Indian rupees for the sample period April 2005 to March 2015. To explore the time series properties Unit Root Test and ARCH LM test have been employed and to study the impact on underlying volatility GARCH (1, 1) model has been employed. The results indicate that the introduction of currency futures has not been successful in reducing the volatility of the foreign exchange market in India. Keywords: Currency Futures, Exchange Rate, Forex Market, GARCH, Volatility

A Defected Ground Structure Based Compact Circular Patch Antenna Design for mm Wave Application

This paper presents a novel defected ground structure-based slotted circular patch antenna for mm-Wave application. A circular patch antenna with a compact size of 10 mm×8 mm×0.75 mm is fabricated in the lab. The designed antenna has a 2 GHz impedance bandwidth that covers the frequency range of 42GHz to 44GHz. It achieves a directional radiation pattern for millimeter-wave applications and has a maximum realized gain of 6 dBi at the operating frequency of 42.65 GHz. Defected ground structure (DGS) is loaded on the bottom of the dielectric substrate, which improves the gain and reduces the surface wave propagation. The proposed antenna has achieved circular polarization which makes it suitable for the mm-Wave application

Resonant THz sensor for paper quality monitoring using THz fiber Bragg gratings

We report fabrication of THz fiber Bragg gratings (TFBG) using CO2 laser inscription on subwavelength step-index polymer fibers. A fiber Bragg grating with 48 periods features a ~4 GHz-wide stop band and ~15 dB transmission loss in the middle of a stop band. The potential of such gratings in design of resonant sensor for monitoring of paper quality is demonstrated. Experimental spectral sensitivity of the TFBG-based paper thickness sensor was found to be ~ -0.67 GHz / 10 um. A 3D electromagnetic model of a Bragg grating was used to explain experimental findings